24 countries and 16 states where cases reached new all-time highs after vaccination roll outs.
European Journal of Epidemiology -
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection produces B-cell responses that continue to evolve for at least one year. During that time, memory B cells express increasingly broad and potent antibodies that are resistant to mutations found in variants of concern[1][1]. As a result, vaccination of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent individuals with currently available mRNA vaccines produces high levels of plasma neutralizing activity against all variants tested[1][1], [2][2]. Here, we examine memory B cell evolution 5 months after vaccination with either Moderna (mRNA-1273) or Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) mRNA vaccines in a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals. Between prime and boost, memory B cells produce antibodies that evolve increased neutralizing activity, but there is no further increase in potency or breadth thereafter. Instead, memory B cells that emerge 5 months after vaccination of naïve individuals express antibodies that are equivalent to those that dominate the initial response. We conclude that memory antibodies selected over time by natural infection have greater potency and breadth than antibodies elicited by vaccination. These results suggest that boosting vaccinated individuals with currently available mRNA vaccines would produce a quantitative increase in plasma neutralizing activity but not the qualitative advantage against variants obtained by vaccinating convalescent individuals. ### Competing Interest Statement The Rockefeller University has filed a provisional patent application in connection with this work on which M.C.N.is an inventor (US patent 63/021,387). The patent has been licensed by Rockefeller University to Bristol Meyers Squib. [1]:
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-2Evidence that the mRNA vaccines contain graphene oxide, a poisonous substance | Karen Kingston, former Pfizer employee, current analyst for the pharmaceutical and medical device industries
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Original Article from The New England Journal of Medicine — Preliminary Findings of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons
